Thai Goddess of Art Learning Carved Wood Statue 12 Life
| | | Origin - India The 12 Heavenly Generals protect and serve Yakushi Nyorai (the Medicine Buddha). The twelve are Hindu Yasha 夜叉 (Skt. = Yakṣa or Yaksha) who were later incorporated into Buddhism as protective warriors. In Japanese sculpture and art, they are almost ever grouped in a protective circle around Yakushi Nyorai -- they are rarely shown independently. Many say they represent the twelve vows of Yakushi; others say the 12 were present when the Historical Buddha introduced the "Healing Sutra;" yet others that they offer protection during the 12 daylight hours, or that they correspond the 12 months and 12 cosmic directions, or the 12 animals of the 12-year Chinese zodiac. The Jūni Shinshō are also members of the Tenbu (Sanskrit: Deva), a larger grouping of deities protecting the Buddhist realm. Yakushi Nyorai, along with his 12 attendants, arrived early in Japan (Asuka Menstruation) from Korea and China, and presently appeared in temples throughout the nation. As such, the 12 Generals of Yakushi Buddha are among the very kickoff Buddhist deities to be introduced to Japan in the 6th and 7th century AD. By the tardily Heian menses, or early Kamakura era, the twelve become associated/dislocated with the 12 animals (see details below) of the Chinese zodiac, and sculptures thereafter often show an creature in the caput dress of each general. The general named KUBIRA 宮毘羅 is the leader of the twelve.
Heian Era wooden statues by Chosei, at Koryu-ji Temple in Kyoto Although the appearance of the Juuni Shinshou is non described in the very early on Chinese translation of the Yakushi-kyou, images appear to have been made in China from the Sui flow (ca. 581-618) onward, and at an early point it appears that they were coordinated with the twelve allegorical animals, Juunishi 十二支. In Cave number 220 of the Tun huang Caves (Tonkou sekkutsu 敦煌石窟), carved in 642, the Juuni Shinshou who announced in the depictions of Yakushi's Pure Land Yakushi Joudo Hensou 薬師浄土変相 have animals on their crowns. In Japan the association of the Juunishi and the Juuni Shinshou appears in both the iconographic manuals KAKUZENSHOU 覚禅抄 and ASABASHOU 阿婆縛抄; while the Yakushi Nyorai Koushiki 薬師如来講式, written by Saichou 最澄, mentions that the Juuni Shinshou accept jursidiction over the twelve hours. Although one might look the earliest representations of the Juuni Shinshou in Nippon to evidence the animals of the Juunishi, they are not indicated in either the Houryuuji Kondou 法隆寺金堂 painting or the Shin'yakushiji 新薬師寺 sculptures. Instead, they announced from the Kamakura menstruum on, when the Juuni Shinshou linked to the function of the Juunishi, protected time (i.eastward. twelve hours, twelve days and twelve months) equally well equally ritual space. The primeval representations of the Juuni Shinshou in Japan are the four figures painted in Yakushi'due south Pure Land on i wall of the Houryuuji Kondou. There are records that signal that eight figures were part of the sculptural group that forms the Yakushi Joudo in the five-story pagoda, Gojuu-no-tou 五重塔 of Koufukuji Temple 興福寺. The oldest extant sculptures of the Juuni Shinshou are from the Nara menses set in Shin'yakushiji in Nara. There are likewise the tardily Heian period relief sculptures at Koufukuji 興福寺. There are also sculptures (1064) by Chouzei 長勢 in Kouryuuji 広隆寺, and the Kamakura period sculptures in the Toukondou 東金堂 of Koufukuji. Paintings include the Youchi-in 桜池院 Yakushi Juuni Shinshou from the end of the Heian period. From the Kamakura flow on representaions of the Juuni Shinshou were common. <end JAANUS quote> Below Text Courtesy of: In some traditions, the twelve warriors are believed to protect the true-blue by presiding over the daylight hours, the months, and the directions of space. There are typically twelve, only sometimes merely 9, generals whose armies wage war on sickness. These twelve warriors are too representative of the twelve vows of Bhaisajyaguru. Although described in Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese texts, the attributes assigned to them, also as their colours (and sometimes their names), may vary. Photo courtesy of healing-impact.co.uk
Each creature represents i year of a twelve year cycle. It too represents a day in a twelve-day cycle, and a two-60 minutes period in each solar day, and a compass direction (not shown in above chart). There are different naming conventions, and sometimes the 12 Generals are associated with a unlike creature than listed above. For case, beneath is another common grouping that differs from the above list:
Click here for details on the 12 astrological zodiac animals.  Kubira 宮毘羅 . Also known every bit Kompira or Konpira 金比羅. Synonymous with Konpira 金比羅 shrines (Kompira 金比羅 shrines, Hitohira 琴平 shrines, or Kotohira 琴平 shrines). They are devoted to Konpira, a local Shinto kami 神 (deity) worshipped as the guardian deity for seafarers, navigation, fishing, and water for agronomics. Konpira's Buddhist analogue is Kubira 宮毘羅, the leader of Yakushi Buddha's Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō 十二神将), and also one of the Sixteen Protectors of Shaka Nyorai (Jūroku Zenshin 十六善神). The principal shrine is situated on Mt. Zōzusan 象頭山, a maritime location in Kagawa Prefecture (Shikoku Isle), where locals fondly telephone call the deity and shrine "Konpira-san" or "Konpira Daigongen" and claim his cult dates back centuries before the introduction of Buddhism to Nihon. Simply, says JAANUS; "According to legend, Konpira flew from India to a sacred cave at Matsuodera Temple 松尾寺 on Mt. Zōzusan 象頭山 (lit. Elephant's Head Mountain), a small mount near the sea on Shikoku island, and became the temple'southward protective deity. He is worshipped principally as a seafaring god and secondarily every bit a god of water for agronomics. He may appear as a snake or as a dragon god (Ryūjin 竜神) and he is as well identified with Ōmononushi 大物主神, the Shintō kami of Mt. Miwa 三輪. In the Edo period, Zōzusan was a famous Shugendō 修験道 site (ascetic mountain practices associated with the legendary founder En-no-Gyōja 役行者), and as a result it became a popular Shintō-Buddhist pilgrimage site. In the Meiji period (1868), the site was converted to a Shintō shrine in line with government policies to suppress Shugendō practice and Buddhist religion. The original Matsuodera Temple was therefore renamed Kotohiragū Shrine 金刀比羅宮 and the Konpira deity renamed Ōmononushi no Kami (aka Ōmononushi no Mikoto, aka Ōkuninushi 大国主命, aka Keen Land Master). In spite of this, the principal epitome of the shrine remains that of the Buddhist deity Konpira, who today remains the central deity (shintai 神体) of Kotohiragū Shrine." <end quote by JAANUS>. Kotohiragū Shrine was an of import pilgrimage site for Emperor Sutoku 崇徳天皇 (1119 – 1164), the 75th emperor of Japan. It became an especially popular pilgrimage site in the 14th century, and remains very pop even today. The approach requires the pilgrim to climb 785 stone steps to get to the main sanctuary. Mt. Zōzusan, where it is located, is simply 531 meters higher up sea level. But the shrine is only half fashion up Mt. Zōzusan. Birthday, pilgrims must climb 1,368 stone steps to get in at the inner shrine. Kotohira is also called Konpira Mōde 金毘羅詣. A statue of the eleven-Headed Kannon Bodhisattva (a designated Important Cultural Holding) is located inside the shrine precincts. LEARN More
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While interpretations differ, the Jūni Shinshō are always depicted with fierce facial expressions and menacing martial stances. They unremarkably wear armour, topped off with a helmet or spiked hair. Their main function is to protect Yakushi Nyorai, to protect those who read/believe in Buddhist writings that aggrandize faith in Yakushi, to fight the enemies of Buddhism, and to wage war on sickness -- they are said to command the 84,000 pores (some resource say 80,000) of the skin in defending the wellness of the faithful. Their ferocious expressions represent their acrimony with evil deeds and evil people. 
Beneath is yet another grouping, which comes from Kakuonji Temple in Kamakura. The temple possesses life-size wooden statues of all 12, reportedly carved in the Muromachi Period, erstwhile effectually 1401-1411 Ad. 
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Source: https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/12-generals.shtml
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